김복희BokHeeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various athletics methodologies in the works of Btoeros in order to develop an understanding of the social milieu and the necessity of sports related values in classical Greek culture. The two main competitive values of heroism and arete(the virtue of being the best a person can be)are found in the athletics works of Homeros and help us to understand the of virtue and honor in Greek culture. First, analysis if Homer's works show that the types of sports, the clothes worn, and the inherent danger of these activities are directly correlated to the importance of game activity in the development of the skills and the strength needed for battle. The relationship between games and welfare is a crucial element of the classical Greek social milieu. Secondly, specific games, such as, the ’funeral' game show specific social values. The ’funeral’ game in Iliad showed the Greek value of sharing the spoils of war and comforting the dead heroes who had fallen in battle. Receiving the prizes in the game was a method of sharing 'honor. The kings and noblemen in Homeric society participated in both war and sport for honor(the highest value in classical Greek culture). Other games, such as, 'Welcoming Guests' showed the social rules involved in courtesy and hospitality. While the ‘courtship’ game shows that the best ruler was the one who, during times of war, was clever and prominent and at the same time a good spouse. These games show many heroic features of classical Greek social life. Finally, arete, the Greek virtue of “reaching your highest human potential” was pursued through fair competitions. A talented person was said to have arete. The heroes of Homeros always did their best and tried their best to ‘outdo’ other competitons. This struggle to 'be the best a person can be’ was a key social trait. Participation in atihletics was a way to test and show off superior： ability. In this manner, sports games in the works of Homeros illustrate the opportunities for individuals to pursue their own arete.

Key Words

arete, funeral game

엄정식JungSikUm

DOI:

Abstract

The physical training and militarism thought of the Danjae to recognize the actuality of national right loss and for an independence it was that objective in spirit characteristic exaltation of the nation to put. The spirit characteristic which is exalted but becomes known with actuality to respect, it talks again and it wins an independence from Japan to respect, it means that the force and military force do to be prerequisite specially. Consequently the Danjae led and physical training and militarism thought build up force that the thing is very importance, paradox. With the hitherto ship construction together from the imperialism times which the force governs specially. From the place where the military force to educate only a mind virtue atrophies the body temper which leads a physical training and it grudge there is not formation of the military power which is powerful in foundation and the independence which stands is impossible. From like this point there is re-to grade and force the build up the physical training and militarism thought are having meaning which is big. There is by a national right loss times, final aim of the Danjae the mind spirit body there was to fortune advancement and this did patriotism in foundation will do becoming accomplished more further with one national right recovery is paradox. The Danjae sees the transference powerful enemy asserted the change of the recognition from the feudal society against a physical training in the converter in of the modern time civic society the thing that our country physical training development it has a big history value. With this together the Danjae as only the our country modern time thinker the bay knows as practice of modern time physical training with development of social physical training thought with one person height is thought a big contribution with the fact that must come to be evaluated.

Key Words

danjaes thought of physical education

강여주YoeJooKang , 윤여탁YeoTakYoon

DOI:

Abstract

This study was executed on a basis of phenomenological approach method which is one of qualitative research method. That is, this study described and analyzed subjective performance experience on Yoga such as perception, feeling, attitude, and experience of performancers in a standpoint of phenomenology. Research participants was composed of three males and females through criterion-based selection. Research method used in-depth interview, participation observation, self performance note. Collected data was analyzed through three stages such as transcription, coding and categorization through reflective search process, and finding relationship of each category through constant comparison. The results were summarized as following. performance experience of Yoga performancers was classified as eight categories; perception about body, mental concentration, excellence of time and space, self recognization, mind change, spirits cycle, harmony between mind and body, flow state.

Key Words

phenomenological approach, qualitative research

김석희SeokHeeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find practical alternative for upgrade social awareness about sports culture as low culture is remained in korean national, through reconsider social & cultural values in sports. For the shake of this study, qualitative methodologies as qualitative material of literature review, dissertation, newspaper & broadcasting etc. base analyze were employed. As a result, sports include much practical & cultural values. In spite of, it was appeared that practical values rather than cultural values be embossed in social because many problem in sports. Therefore, in synthesis discussion, focus on art and sports life of both point. Because sports must stir up in art in social. Besides, when it could be ahead of self-effort for sports was settlement sports life in social, for the first time, cultural values of sports could be ascend high up emphasized. In conclusion, the suggestions of this study are these; stir up awareness of sports men about culture or art of values, grow out of attach importance of exercise skill development of physical education teaching in school' sports, supporting of government for settlement of sports life, positive real participation of sports scholars.

Key Words

sports values

김은영EunYoungKim

DOI:

Abstract

Many people are concerned about health, and value it, presumably because they are attached to their individual lives. Pursuits for health are not necessarily an objective concept, because the rationale for one's health does not necessarily lie in one's longevity. Human beings, exposed to the ever changing environment, can be vulnerable to physical and mental ills. Also, since human beings and all physical things mass-produce irreproducible disorder in the viewpoint of entropy, a series of human acts for health, namely, medical technologies, health devices and medicines, are meaningless. Thus, this paper sought to indicate that the value of health is rooted in the essential issue of life phenomenon, and to necessitate new propositions on health to replace existing ones in line with new views of world.

Key Words

health, paradox, entropy

윤여탁YeoTakYoon

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

sport commercialization, neoliberalism, globalization, economic system capitalism

이학준HakJunLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate causes of the problems in death of athlete and the alternative methods and in order to accomplish this, the researcher used two methods: thanatology and society ethical approach. The causes of death in athletes are following as: a)an imperative idea of winning and excessive stress, b) excessive weight lose, c)athlete management, d) special disease in athlete and so on. The researcher seek to the alternative method of death of athlete in connection with the individual aspects, the following things are required: a) resistive consciousness of athletes, b) death education of athletes. in relation to social aspects, the following things are required: a) foundation of medical instruments in games, b) the standard weight of compact sports. In conclusion, to solve death problems of athletes, we have to pursuit meaning and content inside aspects than winning and record of outside.

Key Words

death, sein zum tode, death of athlete

김민섭MinSeubKim , 김영미YoungMeeKim , 오정수JeongSooOh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between adherence motivation and performance of collegiate athletes. Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 384 male and female athletes selected from randomly selected 8 universities located in Seoul, Daejeon, and Chungcheong-do. Collected data were analyzed to test the hypotheses with statistical methods such as one-way ANOVA, .correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, path analysis. First, male athletes had significantly higher level of adherence motivations rather than that of females, and athletes with long-term participation had significantly higher level of adherence motivations. Athletes who participated in individual sports had significantly higher level of intrinsic and integrated motivations rather than that of other athletes, while team sports athletes had significantly higher motivation and external motivation. Support of parents and teachers to athletes' autonomy had significantly positive influences on intrinsic and integrated motivations, as well as teachers' support had significantly positive influence on injected and external motivations of athletes. Second, Integrated motivation had significantly positive influences on ,frequency of athletic participation, while introjected motivations of athletes had significantly positive influence on time of athletic participation. Third, intrinsic, integrated, and introjected motivations had significant correlationships with athletic performance. Fourth, there were significant causal relationships among adherence motivation, degree of athletic participation, and performance of athletes. Frequency of athletic participation had significantly direct influences on performance of athletes, while athletic adherence motivation had significantly indirect influence on performance of athletes through frequency of athletic participation.

Key Words

adherence motivation, athlete performance

김한주HanJooKim , 고은하EunHaKoh

DOI:

Abstract

This study explores gendered quality of Korean printed media by analyzing the amount of photographic coverage in a major daily newspaper since the establishment of Korean government. 55 years of Donga Ilbo published between 1948 and 2003 were sampled at 48 days intervals based on stempel(1952)'s sampling method. The data was collected by measuring the size of sport photographs of sampled dates and divided into 6 periods for analysis. Data analysis was conducted in two different perspectives: (a) Daily mean of the photo size of women'sport, men's sport, and mixed sport was compared according to the period to examine the relative significance women's sport in newspaper coverage. (b) Yearly mean of the photo size according to the period was compared by gender and sport items to examine the changing trend of newspaper coverage on women's sport. The results were: (a) Photographic coverage of women's sport in daily newspaper has been increased during past half century, especially since 1980. The rate of women's sport among the total photographic coverage increased dramatically from 0% to 20.90%, whereas men's sport decreased from 71.79% to 68.49%. However, the amount of photographic coverage still shows the huge gap between women's and men's sport. (b) The changes in the sport items appeared represent not only the difference between women's sport and men's sport but also the rise and fall of sport items in each period. Moreover, the difference between women's sport and men's sport reflects social values on each sport items and barriers to progress of women's sport.

Key Words

photographic, women sport, daily newspaper

남상우SangWooNam

DOI:

Abstract

Central to this paper are two ideas: with regard to the media coverage, first, how ratio female athletes are represented in newspaper, and second, how female athletes are described and portrayed? This paper purports to reveal the first research questions and interpret the image of female athletes on photograph in some daily newspapers by conducting content meaning analysis and develop a theoretical framework for understanding how and what sports photographs mean. The sport photographs chosen for analysis were drawn from five major daily newspapers in Korea - Chosunilbo, Joongangilbo, Dongailbo, Hankookilbo, and Hankyore - published during 2003 Universiade in Daegu. With the content and meaning analysis, I analyzed how images of female athletes were presented through the photographs and how these images effect socioculturally on our perception. With view of coverage techniques, the trivialization and marginalization techniques, I found some photographs expressed distorted images about female athletes. The results in this study emphasized two categories of critical framework that described female athletes as (a) beings who are submissive and subordinate to male viewers and provoke males' sexuality by causing voyeurism, (b) beings who are emotional and weak and can survive only the most beautiful genes. Through these process, I suggested a responsibility of media, especially printed media, in which newspapers should represent female athletes as 'just' athletes and skillfully athletic beings instead of weak and sexually emphasized beings on photographs. Through these processes, the position of female athletes will be advanced to higher in future.

Key Words

sports photograph, trivialization, marginalization, female athlete, image, content analysis

박수정SooJungPark , 정희준HeeJoonChung

DOI:

Abstract

This article attempted to take a view of Mixed Martial Art that has appeared at Korean socity recently through sociocultural approach. Investigator had deduced result through depth interview and nonpariticipation observation, literature investigation with Mixed Martial Art amateur manias for this. Mixed Martial Art that have existed at underground for a long time has been globalized since 1990 and passes over national, racial boundary ccording to commercial strategy of the United States of America and Japan. Subject that Mixed Martial Art does as can advent at Korean societ is 'Generation which is no border' that grow within globalism and the path is Internet community in cyberspace. Therefore, Mixed Martial Art became a 'Goods that is no border'. Instinctive special quality of Mixed Martial Art gives past nostalgia through representation satisfaction to grobal infinity competition and persons who is neglected on civilized society and great scale and planning ability, production power makes new cultural experience with mixing postmodernity images. This is, mixs various elements, makes by interesting spectacle and rebirth by one hybrid sports for pursuit of pleasure and interest. Mixed Martial Art stardom is created as 'Private hero' by inclination that is reconstructed from space of symbol and image than 'Ethnic hero' now here

Key Words

mixed martial arts, globalization, hybrid sports, postmodern

오정수JeongSooOh , 유기성GiSungYoo

DOI:

Abstract

This study attempts to contribute to understanding the horse racing participant. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between horse racing attitudes and behavior intention as a gambling sports in korea. Data for this study were obtained by using convenience sampling method from sample of horse racing participant in indoor horse racing in bupyung city. Subject were 167 horse racing participant. The questionnaire for this study were reorganized to this study "gambling attitude" developed by kwan(2004). also, behavior intention was measure by kwon and yoo(1997). The data were analyzed by the simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 10.0. The results are as follow. First, horse racing attitudes was negative, participant think that horse racing is fun but, a lot of addiction. Second, horse racing participate carrier year, horse racing game per a month, batting money per a game, batting money per a day showed negative effect on horse racing attitude. Third. horse racing attitude showed negative effect on behavior intention.

Key Words

horse racing attitude, behavior intention, gambling sport

이덕분DuckBoonLee , 임운학UnHakLim

DOI:

Abstract

This research examined the opening idea of the great Japan's physical association based on popularization and the national physical meeting based on high development concurrently with checking up Japan's Physical Policy just after World War Ⅱ. With the nationalism of logic and militarism supporting an absolute monarch of Japanese, GHQ approving of war basis propelled innovation emphasized on the pure sport revival and popularization. In this mood, the slogan of physical education leaders with the Japan's physical association have expanded the spreading sport and expanding sport facilitates in local area. Also they hoped the return to world of sport. The idea, however, oriented only to victory and specialism with limited members for better achievement in international races was largely out of popularization, democratization and innovational idea of sport. The reason why this happened is that the sport leaders didn't criticize their wrong decision about supporting war even after end of war.

Key Words

GHQ the policy the policy of sport innovation, japan physical association, national physical education meeting, monarch of Japanese

이종길JongKilLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between future aspiration and self-actualization of college athletes. Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 355 male and female athletes selected from randomly selected 8 universities located in Seoul, Gyeounggi-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Daejeon province. Collected data were analyzed to test the hypotheses with statistical methods such as one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. An overall process of surveys and evaluations leads to the following conclusions : First, male athletes had significantly higher level of future aspiration related to 'community life' rather than that of female athletes, and older athletes had higher level of future aspiration related to ' social economic sucess' rather than that younger athletes. Second, male athletes and older athletes had significantly higher level of self-actualization related to 'self-confidence' and 'faithfulness' rather than that of female athletes and younger athletes. Third, athletes who participated in individual sports had significantly the highest level of future aspiration as a whole, while athletes in team sports had the highest level of self-actualization related to 'self-acceptability', 'humanity', and 'faithfulness'. Fourth, degree of athletes' participation had significantly positive influences on both future aspiration and self-actualization. Fifth, future aspiration had significantly positive influence on self-actualization of college athletes.

Key Words

college athletes, future aspiration, self-actualization

이창섭ChangSeopLee , 남상우SangWooNam , 권진희JinHeeKwon

DOI:

Abstract

This study was aimed at the analysis of how middle school students in the urban and rural perceive the enjoyment facts in physical education class. Specifically, First, this study was performed to find out what kinds of enjoyment facts that middle school students living in the urban and rural perceived in physical education class were emerged. Second, it was also performed to search the facts about different responds and meanings revealed those students' enjoyment facts on physical education class between two regions. Subjects for this study were selected for 379 middle school students in D-city and 398 middle school students in K-Kun. Open-ended surveys including question “What's fun fact in your physical education class?” were distributed to those students. Analysis of raw data was made using inductive categorizing method, a kind of content-analysis. Seven general dimensions of enjoyment facts were emerged: (1) Physical activity dimension, (2) In-class dimension, (3) Interpersonal relations dimension, (4) Environment dimension, (5) Health dimension, (6) Smartness in activity dimension, and (7) The others dimension. Among those general dimensions, students living in the urban responded In-class dimension as the most joyful factor(33.7%), students dwelling in the rural also responded same dimension as the most joyful factor(22.8%). Enjoyment facts of P.E. class emerged in only urban students were “Teachers don't know or say anything even though we disappear without permission in class”, and to rural students, enjoyment facts of P.E. class, such as “We can wear training cloth which we want to”, “We can meet the natural environment”, and “We can make affection toward our teacher” were emerged as special responses.

Key Words

physical education class, enjoyment factor, urban, rural

김종환JangHwanKim , 원충희ChungHeeWon

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated akinesia and bradykinesia as a basis of control system in patients with parkinson's disease. 14 adults, 7 patients with parkinson's disease and normal adults participated in this study. The experiment analyzed akinesia and bradykinesia of patient with parkinson's disease as a function of arm movement characteristics in aspects of time control. The apparatus was horizontal angular displacement manipulanda, and the subjects' task was to move a fixed starting position toward one of three target position. The data collected for reaction tim The significant main effects of group were found for RT. That is, the patient with parkinson's disease demonstrated longer RT In conclusion, parkison's disease patients showed marked hesitations between the movement segments compared with controls, suggesting that they have difficulity in implementing and in switching between motor program steps. Impaired force control and a reduced capacity to terminate movements in Parkinson's disease are discussed as possible explanations of the deficit in motor program implementation.

Key Words

Parkinson`s disease patients, information processing

윤기운GeeWoonYoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine on coincidence-anticipation timing in patient with parkinson's disease and healthy participants. There were two groups consisting of 5 people in each group with patient in parkinson's disease and normal subjects. The ages ranged from 44 to 71 years old. The speed of stimulus were three conditions : 133cm/sec, 233cm/sec, 355 cm/sec. The timing error of coincidence- anticipation task was recorded by using Bassin Anticipation Timer. AE(absolute error), CE(constant error), and VE(variable error) as dependent variable were processed. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Analysis of variance with repeated measure(ANOVA) of AE, CE, and VE. The result of this study is as following : First, the significant effects as a function of group were found for AE , CE. VE of coincidence-anticipation task. That is, AE and CE of coincidence-anticipation task in the patient with parkinson's disease higher than that of normal subject. But VE was vice versa. Second, AE and CE, VE of coincidence-anticipation task were different as a function of the use of advanced cue. Third, the interaction effects as a function of group, the use of advanced cue and stimulus velocity in AE and CE, VE of coincidence-anticipation task was not significant. In Conclusion, Characteristics of coincidence-anticipation timing in the patient with parkinson's disease seem to be used preliminary cognitive strategy and visual cue almost similarly with normal person.

Key Words

Coincidence-anticipation timing, Parkinson`s disease

윤영길YoungKilYun

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to search for the way of increasing spectators of K-league through examining various cheering participation motives of spectators according to gender and age. The subjects were 280 Red Devils who gathered in a public square in front of the Seoul City Hall for cheering Korea vs. Turkey Worldcup game. The Red Devils responded to 486 items. The response was analyzed inductively to classify the different cheering participation motives according to gender and age. The result was that cheering participation motives were cheering 122 items(25.1%), sympathy 99 items(20.3%), curiosity 16 items(3.3%), atmosphere 85 items(17.5%), commemoration 62 items(12.8%), patriotism 62 items(12.9%), enthusiasm 58 items(11.9%), and love of soccer 12 items(2.5%). The result of the study suggested the issues for increasing soccer spectators. As related with cheering and patriotism area, people in their thirties need to have a soccer team that they like in order to rise spectators in their thirties. Moreover, in sympathy and atmosphere area, various events need to be held and proceeded to make festival atmosphere and to feel excitement, so that more women in their twenties will participate in cheering soccer game. In enthusiasm and commemoration area, the opportunity to feel enjoyment of cheering with helping spectators cope with stress and to flow in watching football game needs to be given, so that girls in teen-age will be increased. The plan to increase the number of spectators in different age groups should be vary, which means potential spectators have to be drawn aggressively into K-league.

Key Words

red devils, 2002 world cup, cheering, participation

이한우HanWooLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to verify how the external-focus feedback could influence on sport learning, using bowling task, and to test the guidance hypothesis depending on relative frequency. The subjects of this study were consisted of 30 middle school male-students. They didn't have any prior experience of bowling. They were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions(external focus feedback 33%, 50%, 100% condition). Dependant variables of this study were bowling score. Experimental design was 3(frequency)×3(game)×3(day) factorial design with repeated measures on last two factor at acquisition phase, and 3(frequency)×2(game) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor at retention phase. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. In the analysis of bowling score, (a) 100% condition was more effective than 33% condition at practice. (b) A performance of day 1 was more effective than day 2 at practice. (c) A performance game 2 and 3 was more effective than game 1 at practice. (d) The interaction of Day×Game means that bowling performance of day 1 was more effective than day 2. (e) 100% condition was more effective than 33% and 50% condition at retention test. Finally, the result of (e) means that guidance hypothesis was not supported in external focus feedback.

Key Words

external-focus feedback, relative frequency, guidance hypothesis, bowling task

정구인KooInJung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to find out the differences of the effect of the training for learner's observational skills by motion phases on the enhancement of learner's visual search strategy. The samples were the 89 college male students(the control group: 54/ the experimental group: 35) who took the gymnasium class for 12 weeks. The task was the ‘Forward handspring’ of the floor exercise and the pre-examination was done after offering the same content for the purpose of both error detect of the given task and learner's cognitive understanding in the task analysis. After training to enhance learner's cognitive understanding to the task of the critical cues related to the effective performance, which were found out through the process of the task analysis of the experimental group, the post-test, as the pre-test, were administered to both groups. After detect training, t-test was utilized to compare the differences of learner's observational skills detect ability. As a result, the experimental group is outstandingly higher than the control group in the detect error rating. Consequently, the result of this research indicated that the training for developing learner's observational skills had highly positive effect on the development of the learners' search ability.

Key Words

observational skills, search strategy, critical dues

최만식ManSikChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons for participation in long distance running. Of particular interest was long distance running participants(95 male and 58 females) responded to an open-ended questionnaire on participation motives. A total of 432 responses were recorded and contents analysis. Ten reasons for long-distancd participants emerged, including fitness/health, self patience/regulation, fun/exciting, stress control, psychological factor, social recognition, life style, rewards, economical factor, the others. In the reasons of participation motivation, Male tended to endorse fitness/health, self patience/regulation, fun/exciting, rewards more frequently than female. Alternatively, female participated fitness/health, self patience/regulation, fun/exciting, economical factor more than male. Thus, the result of this study suggest that participation motivation of long distance running is divers and the strength of qualitative approach in running to incorporate participation motives.

Key Words

participation, motivation, long distance running, open-ended motives, contents analysis

최성훈SungHumChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the physical activity adherence questionnaire designed by Corbin, Welk, Lindsey, and Corbin(2003). The proposed factors of the physical activity adherence questionnaire are predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing. The SPSS 10.01 version for windows were used to perform Cronbach's , pearson's correlation, explanatory factor analysis, and confirmity factor analysis in this study. Based on the above research methods and procedures, this study produced the following results. 1)The physical activity adherence questionnaire has item internal-consistency. 2)Acceptable evidence of construct validity was obtained by using pearson's correlation but not by using explanatory factor analysis, and confirmity factor analysis. The results in this study will be used to develop the korean exercise adherence questionnaire.

Key Words

exercise adherence, physical activity adherence, construct, construct validity

김인숙InSookKim , 이한주HanJ.Lee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the paper-pencil test items for evaluating cognitive domain in 8th grade Physical Education (PE). Paper-pencil tests that commonly used for final test in PE were used as data source. Data were collected from 14 middle schools of 11 school districts in Seoul. Total of 530 items were analyzed. Hwang (2002) and Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy were used as a framework for analysis. More specifically, we analyzed and categorized test items by types of question, topics, and levels of abstraction of questions. Results of this study showed that most of the items (96.6%) were multiple-choice types of questions. More than a third of test items (34.7%) were developed from individual and team sport areas. Also, 86.4% of items were categorized as lower level of test questions asking recall of information or comprehension of the facts. Suggestions for writing test items to assess achievement of instructional objectives and to measure an appropriate level of student knowledge were discussed.

Key Words

item analysis, cognitive domain

류태호TaeHoYu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to understand physical education teachers' perception and practice on theory instruction in secondary school. I collected the reports presented by 190 teachers participating in the first grade at PE teacher training program in Kyong-gi province and in-depth interview data from 7 PE teachers. I analyzed collected materials by inductive content analysis. The results are as follow. PE teachers' perception of theory instruction in secondary school physical education(PE) emerged from both 'versus perspective' and 'integrative perspective'. PE teachers having versus perspective perceived theory instruction as instruction transmitting PE text content to students in the classroom. In otherwise, PE teachers having integrative perspective perceived the instruction un-separated into skill and theory instruction. Also, PE teachers' practice strategy on theory instruction was followed as: 'enthusiasm and trial-error', 'reflection and conflict', and 'compromise and justification'.

Key Words

theory instruction, perception, practice strategy

류태호TaeHoYu , 이주욱JooWookYi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study were not only for understanding the process of the student-athlete's schooling from educational point of view, but providing integrative visual frames about cultural school athletic teams. Therefore, understanding about his personal history of schooling and current daily life were analyzed by ethnography and tried to understand and interpreted it in depth. To perform this work, in-depth interviews, participants observation, documents analysis including personal writings (e.g., poems and essays, internet material, unstructured interview, newspaper articles and media scripts) were collected and the data gathered by personal life history method was described, analyzed and interpreted. Only exercise without study was the dominant culture of a student-athlete's life. It has caused unusual culture community of the school with troubling with their friends, lack of communication with their teachers and making light about education. The student-athlete's school community which used to have strict ranks authoritarianism of between seniors and juniors, grouped culture, uniform group, culture of enforcement, the nature of exclusivism could cause a frame of an isolated 'island-culture'. There was 'Human right' or 'the right for the pursuit of happiness' should be delayed and ignored. Schooling had made the most of its process rather than result. Success principle and ideology athletism should be reshaped for humanistic a school athletics club. It should be hopeful space where students can find their autonomy and vision.

Key Words

schooling, school athletics, success based ideology, sum-culture(isolated culture)

박승순SeungSoonPark , 윤명희MyungHeeYoun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to examine closely the formation of development in children‘s creativity as the effects of ballet education, the objective of which was a harmonious development of a whole person through creative physical activities, in order to establish appropriate ballet education for children as a major activity in childhood education. The research was carried out on the 60 children - 30 in the experimental group and 30 in the comparison group, aged between 4 to 5 attending the kindergarten attached to S University in Seoul. The experimental group children took a ballet program of 24 lessons in total - each lesson lasting for 30 minutes, two lessons a week for 12 weeks after the regular kindergarten hours. The comparison group children had free physical activities during the total of 24 lessons, each period for 30 minutes, twice a week for 12 weeks after the regular kindergarten hours. After the 12 weeks of experimental period pre-test and post-test were conducted in each group and between the two groups according to sex and age differences in order to find out specific statistics through individual interviews in which the children answered the questions by responding to the terminology of examination. For the pre- and post-experiment tests, the t-test was used to measure the significant difference means of each group. The results of analyses showed that there was not much difference between the means in creativity and in its sub-division factors such as fluency, flexibility and originality between the experimental group and the comparison group prior to the ballet education program. But after the ballet education program, there was a significant difference (p<.01) in creativity and in the sub-division factors of creativity such as fluency (p<.01), flexibility (p<.01), originality (p<.05) in the experimental group.

Key Words

ballet education, creativity

신종순JongSoonShin , 최선화SunHwaChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of the dance lesson on sociality. We studied on sociality -endurance, concentration, self-control ability, wholesome attitude, and cooperation- in 203 (female; 201, male; 2) Elementary School children in J, K, I, and G City, in Chun-Buk province. They were divided into group A (n=70), group B (n=48), group C (n=50), and group D (n=35), according to the dance lesson in career. The context of the questionnaire was assessed by analysis of variance. Significant positive differences were evidenced for the endurance (p<.05), concentration (p<.001), self-control ability (p<.001), and cooperation (p<.001), but we could not find the Significant differences on the wholesome attitude (p<.1792). To raising up the wholesome attitude through the dance lesson, educators need to design the program for developing the wholesome attitude elements -how to take care of their friends, how to respect their own teachers and parents, and how to organize themselves effectively.

Key Words

elementary school student, dance lesson, sociality

이동호DongHoLee , 조순묵SoonMookCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the awareness of Taekwondo major students in the areas of educational object, the contents of curriculum, and its management. The conclusion was obtained by analyzing the survey list that was asked to 360 students in the sophomore, junior and senior of major in Taekwondo in 5 different universities in Korea, to get to this purpose. The results of this study are as follows. First, this study showed that students felt they were getting the education they needed from the school; while the school was providing the education to create a professional leader. At the same time, there is a need for more individualized education. They valued the systematic curriculum the most important in acquiring in-depth knowledge and leadership training and they would like to have the leadership training focused not only on the study of Taekwondo but also on all around life situations in general. Second, there are differences between the satisfaction in contents of the curriculum. Students' demand is not satisfied, due to lack of systematic and scientific approach, although the contents of the curriculum in Taekwondo major is emphasized on practical technique and function. Most interested area is the administration and management, and most believed that they are evaluated as a leader based on management ability. Finally, the level of dissatisfaction in curriculum management in study of Taekwondo is high. Facilities and tools for class are insufficient. They expect the curriculum should be able to provide the use the knowledge of Taekwondo and everyday life education harmoniously. There is an urgent need to provide the Taekwondo-for-all program, along with professional sports. They acknowledge that providing the solution to needs could be their responsibility.

Key Words

taekwondo major students, curriculum

이현승HyunSeungLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze instructional skills between effective and beginning elementary school teachers in Physical Education class. Four teachers, two effective and two beginning teachers, participated this study and taught third and fourth grade students. The instructional skills were analyzed using the Qualitative Measures of Teaching Performance Scale(QMTPS) developed by Rink and Werner(1989). Interviews with the teachers were conducted to examine the reasons for specific teaching behaviors. Result of this study showed that effective teacher A and B had 45% and 52% of total QMTPS score while the beginning teacher C and D scored 27% and 26%, respectively. Also, effective teachers showed higher score than beginning teachers on the QMTPS variables like Clarity, Demonstration, Appropriate student response, and Specific congruent feedback. Interview data showed that effective teachers thought achievement is the most important thing for their teaching but beginning teachers thought having fun and active participation are the most important thing. Implications for the future study and suggestions for the beginning teachers were provided.

Key Words

QMIPS, effective teachers, instructional skills

최관용KwanYongChoi , 유응욱EungUkYu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to expose the problems of female high school students' selecting and not selecting physical education courses with the 7th National Curriculum and to identify ways to increase the selection ratio. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, total 505 female high school students in the 10th grade, were selected out of three high schools in Seoul Gangbuk area. The questionnaires which were used by the previous study of Kim et al(2000) were partly used for this study after some alteration to suit this study. We visited subjects' schools and put questionnaires to students by teachers' permission. After explaining the purpose and contents of questionnaires we collected the questionnaires answered by self-administration method. As the method of data analysis descriptive analysis(frequency and percentage) was used for multiple choice questions. For its fidelity, we had two time discusses for avoiding researchers' biases. The results obtained from this study were as follows. First, there is much high ratio not selecting physical education class than selecting. The result indicate that female high school students select low ratio level(28%) of physical education class, the ratio of not selecting physical education is 71.7%, There is no noticeable difference between previous survey and actual survey. Second, the reasons for selection physical education course are the improvement of physical strength and health, preferring physical education, release stress, making good friendship, all of these reasons are related with students' internal factors. Third, the reason for non-selection physical education course are uncomfortable class environment, unfixed personal aptitude, not preferring, grading disadvantage, class dissatisfaction, these reasons are related with students' both internal and external factors.

Key Words

female high school students`, P.E course, selection and non-selection

최만희ManHeeChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine effects on academic achievements in compare with cooperative and competitive learning system of the dance instruction. Also, this study was to analyze the effects of cooperative learning system by gender grouping and students' ability levels on academic achievement. The Experiment was performed in instruction of 12 sessions that was planed and organized directly myself. In this experiment was participated 74 middle school students. It was divided into high ability levels(n=25), mean ability levels(n=24) and low ability levels(n=25). Each group was reorganized homogeneous small group of 5-6 students and was given an individual role to each students. Measuring tools used in academic achievement test was conducted by creative ability evaluation standard. For the above purpose, the results of this study were as follow: First, cooperative learning system in dancel education was more effective for learner's academic achievements than competitive learning system. Second, In cooperative learning system did show significant differences in academic achievement in the gender difference. That is to say, male students were effective for academic achievement than female students in the gender difference. Also, There were significant differences in academic achievement between the students' ability levels. That is to say, the mean ability level and the low ability level were effective for academic achievement than high ability level in the students ability levels. Also, male students were effective for originality, composition and expression among sub-factors of academic achievements than female students in the gender differences

Key Words

cooperative learning system, students` ability level

강서정SuhJungKang , 전태원TaeWonChun , LaukkanenR.M.T

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

heart rate variability, maximal oxygen uptake, UKK Walk Test

김성곤SeungKonKim , 이종삼JongSamLee , 조인호InHoCho , 박수연SooYeonPark , 박영준YoungJunPark , 김창근ChangKeunKim , 권봉안BongAnKwon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different ambient temperature (20℃ vs. 32℃) on putting performance and physiological variables in KPGA golfers. Six male professional golfers (22.4±2yrs, 176.8±6cm, and 71.0±2kg) were recruited, and participated in one of two golf putting experiments which was performed in different ambient temperature conditions: either 22℃ or 32℃. For each experiment, all subjects undertook total 48 putting, which separated by four 12 putting trials in four different time points (i.e., REST, POST-1hr, POST-2hr, POST-3hr). Putting performance was only significantly impaired at POST-1hr (but not any other time points) in 32℃. While plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lowered at all time points, plasma lactate concentration was significantly higher at all time points in 32℃ compared to 20℃ (p<.05). In higher temperature condition, the Borg's RPE scale and core temperature were more rapidly increased, resulted in significantly higher than 20℃ condition. The GRID test, which was performed to examine the degree of psychological fatigue, did not show any consistent patterns. Based on these results, several conclusions were made. First, putting performance was significantly and negatively influenced by high ambient temperature. Second, plasma glucose concentration was significantly decreased in high temperature condition. Third, plasma lactate concentration was consistently higher in 32℃ than 20℃. Compare to 20℃ condition, the change of rectal temperature and heart rate was more significant in 32℃. For elucidating of the precise effect of high ambient temperature on putting performance, field study, which carried out in actual hot and humid environmental conditions, will be required. It must also be considered to examine the effect of the water intake on putting performance while golf competition is held in hot condition.

Key Words

golf, putting performance, glucose, lactate, heart rate

김정규JungKyuKim , 문희원HeeWonMoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of serum ammonia and lactate accumulation following level and downhill running on creatine kinase activities and the ratio of cortisol and testosterone secretion. The running tests were performed on a treadmill for 30 min and all subjects(n=10) of present study participated in two different kinds of experimental conditions.: one was level running(LR) and the others was downhill running(DR) at a decline angle -14 % with their favorable running speed. There were significant difference in the total VO2 between LR and DR conditions(p<.05). In the mean blood lactate concentration at the end of the 30 min running exercise, there were significant differences between LR and DR conditions(p<.05). In the mean blood ammonia concentration at the end of 30 min running exercise, there were significant differences between LR and DR conditions(p<.05). The mean blood CK activity of DR was higher than that of LR group at the 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post exercise, and there were significant difference between LR and DR conditions(p<.05). In the mean blood testosterone concentration, there were no significant difference between LR and DR conditions(p>.05). In the mean blood cortisol concentration and the testosterone/cortisol ratio, there were significant difference between LR and DR conditions at 12 h post exercise(p<.05). In the downhill running, CK activity in the blood as an indicator of muscle damage was a significantly higher at the 12-24 h post exercise, one of most effective blood fatigue factor on delayed muscle damage might be ammonia concentration and production during eccentric exercise. Thus, downhill running had a potential possibility of muscle damage and cortisol might played important role in the metabolic compensation for muscle damage

Key Words

level and downhill running, ammonia, lactate, CK, testosterone, cortisol

김현수HyunSooKim

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

body composition, hand-foot segmental bioelectrical impedance

백상준SangJunBaek , 박익렬IkRyeulPark , 서한교HanKyoSeo

DOI:

Abstract

This study has an aim to research the effect of ankle disc training on the strength and balance of the ankle in volleyball athletes. As an Subject, thesis selected sixteen boy valley ball players in activity listed in the high school who had an experience of surances from ankle distortion over two times, had no hurts demanded of cure in the hospital within three months before an experiment, had an experience of give-away episode more than two times within at least three months recently, and had a carrier of more than five years, and it divided randomly them into exercise groups like ADTG(training group with ankle disc; N=8), NTG(none-training group (N=8), and made them participate in exercise program for six weeks. The results are summarized as follows; After Ankle disc training, Peak Torque of %BW of ankle strength of training had a significant effect in the case of Inversion, Dorsiflexion(p<.05) and Average Power %BW of ankle disc training had a significant effect in the case of Inversion(p<.05). Groups of ankle disc had a significant effect from Forward in the case of Endpoint Excursion and Max Excursion(p<.05). These results say that groups had no static significance each other, but the training program of ankle disc for six weeks had more effective tendencies in the case of Peak Torque and Average Power of %BW and Endpoint Excursion and Max Excursion on the ability.

Key Words

ankle disc training, peak torque, average power, endpoint excursion, max excursion

신영오YoungOhShin , 박수연SooYeonPark , 김종걸JongGulKim , 오재근JaeKeunOh , 강호율HoYoulKang

DOI:

Abstract

Oxidatively modified proteins are continuously produced in cells by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species generated as a consequence of aerobic metabolism. 20S proteasome complex actively recognizes and degrades oxidized proteins. Our study examined the effect of exercise on proteasome expression and protein oxidation in rats. Twenty SD male rats were randomly divided into two groups(control group, CON; exercise group, EXE), and EXE received treadmill running exercise, fixed 8% grade, 25m/min, 2-hr/day, 5days/week for 8 weeks. Soleus and plantaris were removed after 48-hr undergone last performance. 20S proteasome alpha and beta subunits, and protein carbonyl derivatives were detected by immunoblotting and densitometry. Results are as follows: Expression of 20S proteasome alpha and beta subunits in EXE have a tendency to increment, specially alpha in soleus and beta in plantaris, but no statistical significance. Protein carbonyl levels increased in EXE about 43 kDa, 37 kDA, 29 kDa. Expression of 29 kDa-matched carbonyl derivative in soleus was significant and expression of 43 kDa-matched carbonyl derivative in plantaris was significant statistically. Totally, protein oxidation in soleus was larger than in plantaris. In conclusion, chronic exercise leads to production of more protein oxidation and also 20S proteasome subuints related proteolysis.

Key Words

exercise, proteasome, protein oxidation

신철호ChulHoShin , 손태열TaeYulSon

DOI:

Abstract

It is known that as for the old people, the hormones change caused by exercises has an effect on the blood vessel of a brain and that it also plays an important role in the prevention and medical treatment of senile dementia. The "MMSE-K" test report was used in this study. So the sex hormones(Estrogen) was analyzed in the blood for 12 weeks, divided into 4 terms. By selecting one female subject, the SPECT was used to take pictures of their brain. The results are as followings. Dance sport didn't cause detectable changes in the estrogen of woman. When the integrating the results, it was possible to notice the estrogen in women didn't show significant changes until the 4th term. We consider that the short term exercise didn't affect the changes of estrogen. However, after adapting to the long term exercise, it seemed to be partial effective. So the increase of maintenance of estrogen, which is the cause of vessel expansion, is thought to increase the brain blood and effective in preventing brain vein diseases. When the integrating the results, it was possible to notice the estrogen in women didn't show significant changes. So the increase of maintance of estrogen, which is the cause of vessel expansion, is thought to increase the brain blood and effect in preventing brain vein disease

Key Words

estrogen, SPECT, alzheimer, brain blood flow

이신언ShinEonLee , 김홍인HongInKim , 박동호DongHoPark

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

peak torques, amateur marathon runners, H/Q ratio, isokinetic tests

이재수JaeSooLee , 한종우JongWooHan , 지용석YongSeokJee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of Taekwondo training levels on the variables of bone mineral density and body composition in 24 young men(experimental group) compared with 8 young men(control group), who didn't experience the Taekwondo. For the purpose, making the experimental group separated by 3 groups(E3: 3poom, E2: 2poom, E1: 1poom) and the control group(C) respectively. All the measured data were represented by mean and standard deviation(SD) using SPSS package(version 10.0). The statistical techniques for data analysis were used by one way ANOVA. And then we performed scheffe post-hoc method for investigating exactly the differences between groups. The 5% level of significance was used as the critical level for acceptance of hypotheses for the study. The results of the study are as followed: At first, the statistically different variables of the bone mineral density were leg level(E3 & E1 group; E3 & C group), trunk level(E3 & E1 group; E3 & C group), spine level(E3 & E1 group), calcium level(E3 & E1 group; E3 & C group), and bone mineral content(E3 & E1 group; E3 & C group). At second, the statistically different variable of the body composition was a muscle mass(E3 & E1 group; E3 & C group), meaning that the E3 Taekwondo group, has been trained for a long time, was superior to the other three groups. As a conclusion of these results, we could know that if the young men performed the Taekwondo training for a long time, more or less 3 years, they could have the improved body composition.

Key Words

taekwondo training, bone mineral density, body composition, muscle mass

이정필JeongPilLee , 김호성HoSeongKim , 김영주YoungJuKim , 신영오YoungOhShin , 이장규JangKyuLee , 오재근JaeKeunOh

DOI:

Abstract

This study was undertaken to determine the improving effects of swimming training on brain ischemic lesions and muscle atrophies caused by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in male rats. Rats were divided into four groups: MS(MCAO plus swim), MC(MCAO plus control), SS(Sham plus swim), SC(Sham plus control). From 4d after induction, MS and SS rats were participated in swimming exercise during 30min. Rats were sacrificed 24h after last treatment and brain slices were prepared for TTC stained to assess lesion size, and also TA muscle were prepared for histochemical analysis. The infarct volumes of MS were significantly decreased than MC. The wet weights and relative wet weights to body weights of paretic side in MS were significantly heavier than MC. The relative wet weights to body weights in SC were significantly heavier than MC whereas no significantly differences between MS and SS. Increased percentages of type I and decreased percentages of type IIb were denoted in paretic sides than healthy sides of MS. The CSAs of type I in paretic sides of MS were significantly larger than MC and than healthy sides. These finding suggest that earlier started swimming training can prevent increasing infarct volume and improve muscle atrophy of TA induced MCAO.

Key Words

stroke, MCAO, muscle atrophy, cerebral ischemia

정수련SuRyunJung , 박신우SinWooPark , 김승환SeungHwanKim , 강호율HoYoulKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this present study was to determine the effect of various glycemic diets on endurance exercise performance. The eight healthy college students volunteered for this study (Height: 174.9±2.1 cm, Body weight: 70.0±2.2 kg, O2max: 46.2±2.7 ml/kg/min). After a 12-hour fasting, subjects were exercised at 65% of maximum oxygen uptake (O2max) for depletion of the muscle glycogen and then they drunk beverage and took a rest for 60 minutes. After that, subjects cycled at 75% of maximum oxygen uptake to exhaustion. Meals consisted of 1.5g/kg body weight of either Glucose (Glc, GI=99) or Sucrose (Suc, GI=60) or Starch (Sta, GI=15) or Water (CON). The amount of the each beverage was 500 ml and its temperature keep in cool condition (≒ 2～5 ℃). The four kinds of beverage were ingested in random order and the spans between each beverage were over seven days. Ingestion of Glc and Suc resulted in significantly high plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in comparison with the ingestion of the Sta and CON during 1 hour after ingesting beverage. Glc, Suc and Sta showed more prolonged time to exhaustion compared with CON. Ingestion of Suc resulted in significantly high plasma lactate concentrations in comparison with the ingestion of the Glc, Sta and CON during 1 hour after ingesting beverage. No differences were observed in cortisol, heart rate and RPE. These results suggest that there is no effect of glycemic index on endurance exercise performance.

Key Words

glycemic index, exercise performance, sucrose, starch

하경수KyoungSuHa , 윤정수ChungSuYoon , 김재철JaeCheolKim

DOI:

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of GLUT-4, AMPK and PI3-kinase proteins in skeletal muscle by endurance training. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent endurance training(20～25m/min, 10～15°, 60min/day, 5days/week, 8weeks) on treadmill. The GLUT-4 expression, AMPK and PI3-kinase activity in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examined by Wester blotting. AMPK activity and the expression of GLUT-4 in both gastrocnemius and soleus muscle was significantly higher after endurance training, but PI3-kinase activity was unchanged. This observation suggests that GLUT-4 expression and AMPK activity play an important role in glucose transport in skeletla muscle but PI3-kinase may not involved by endurance training.

Key Words

endurance training, skeletal muscle, GLUT-4, AMPK, PI3-kinase

김지현JiHyunKim , 조여원RyoWonChoue

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

taekwondo player, pre-competition, nutrient intake, nutrition knowledge, weight loss patterns

문영진YoungJinMoon , 박재범JaeBumPark , 안진희JinHuiAhn

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is demonstration of correcting training for snatch technique through first and second management. Correcting training was composed of dead lift, last hang and last-pull up. Three times Experiments were practiced and various kinematic valuables calculated from motion analysis were compared. The subjects of this study were current weight lifting player in Korea Armed Forces Athletic Corps. High-Speed camera are used for motion analysis. The conclusion are as follows. 1) The necessary time for full-phase was shorted about all subjects. 2) The horizontal moving distance of shoulder and hip joint were shortened after first and second management. 3) In terms of Pull-phase which represents sufficient flexion and extention force, difference of horizontal distance from knee to ankle joint means that degree of using knee for pull-motion. On the other hand, the distance from knee to ankle joint is proportioned to the degree of knee flexion. 4) The shortened moving distance of barbell represents divergence to efficiency motion. 5) This program might contribute the improvement of competition ability in weight lifting.

Key Words

weightlifting, smatch technique, correctiong training

안상용SangYoungAn

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to examine the kinematic factors in the each phase during the marche fleche motion. For this study, the subjects were 5 elite male fencing players. The direct linear transformation (DLT) method was used in calculating 3-D coordinate of the digitized body parts. The cubic spline function was used for smoothing and the kinematic data for displacement, velocity and angle variables were calculated for Kwon3d version 2.1. And the following conclusions were drawn; 1. For stable posture and the fast motion of the marche, it showed to do that the displacement change of the trunk lean angle and the lower extremity joints must be small, and as followers the vertical height of COG maintains in the same gurad posture as possible. 2. For a precise attack toucher in the trunk avancees plane, it showed that the shoulder and elbow angles must be ready to extend at the same time the contrary foot contacts in the floor at the marche phase. Especially when the contrary foot contacts in the floor, it showed that the contrary upper extremity segments must be extend backward for the projection force of COG and the stable motion. Therefor, the linear velocity of COG increase in the fleche phase. 3. During the toucher event, the velocity of the attack upper extremity segments appeared to increase more the distal segment than the proximal segment. But for a fast attack, it showed that the velocity of the upper extremity segments must be movement the same velocity in the fleche phase. For these, all subjects must be movement as the second dentence of the conclusions. 4. During the attack toucher, all subjects appeared to increase the COG angle, as followers the trunk lean angle appeared the same increase. Therefore, It showed that all subjects must be small the COG angle for the next guard posture after attack.

Key Words

marche, fleche, gurad, avancees

유연주YeonJooYu

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

sit-to-stand, stroke patients, senior fitness test, kinetic data, isokinetic strength, VGRF

박경혜KyungHeaPark

DOI:

Abstract

This study was performed to evaluate the optimal cut-point for assessing abdominal obesity using the variables such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), subscapular skinfold thickness (SST), and biceps skinfold thickness(BST), measurements in Korea middle-aged woman. Methods. Eight one women participated in the study. All anthropometric valuables were measured, and compared with abdominal visceral adipose tissue area(VA), measured by computed tomography(CT). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated in order to determine the optimal cut-points of anthropometric parameters, and skinfolds were measured to assess the abdominal obesity. The VA cutoff-point at 100cm2 of subjects was used to devide into two groups (i.e., <100cm2 or ≥100cm2). The results from present study were as follows, 1) Significant differences were presented in anthropometric parameters, skinfolds, leptin, and TG. 2) VA was positively correlated with several anthropometric variables and skinfolds. WC had the highest correlation(r=.757), while TST had the lowest correlation(r=.085). 3) The meaningful cut-off points for assessing the abdominal visceral obesity were as follows; BMI of 24.1kg/m2, WC of 80cm, WHR of 0.88, SST of 23.9mm and BST of 12.1mm, with WC being the most sensitive and specific predictor. This study shows that BMI, WC, WHR, SST and BST can be useful predictors for the abdominal visceral obesity, of which WC was one with better accuracy.

Key Words

leptin, tg, skinfold, anthropometric parameters, abdomial viseral fat, ROC

김세웅SeWoongKim , 장경로KyungRoChang

DOI:

Abstract

The current research investigates the impacts of students' identification with university sport teams and majoring department on university identification. Organizational identification is a symbolic and psychological association with significant outcomes for both organizations and their members. It is not difficult to understand why most organizations today want their members to commit to the values and goals of the organization. University sport teams foster positive identification and goodwill for the university among students, graduates, and citizens of community. This goodwill, public support,and identification help the university serve its varied missions in all its activities. In addition, departmental identification developed through occupational importance, professor ability, major future, peer satisfaction, and so on would help develop identification with the institution. Drawing data(N=600 )collected at three universities in Korea, the effect of identification with university sport teams and majoring department on identification with university, the effect of identification with university sport teams and a majoring department on university loyalty were investigated. Structural equation modeling (i.e., LISREL) was employed to test the causal relationships among the hypothesized relationships. Results showed that perceived image of university sport teams and majoring department had an impact on identification with university sport teams and majoring department respectively. Both identification with university sport teams and majoring department had impacts on university identification and university loyalty. Finally, identification with university showed positive effects on university loyalty.

Key Words

organizational identification, loyalty

김용만YongManKim , 이승철SeungChulLee

DOI:

Abstract

Traditional models of consumer behavior in the marketing literature implicitly assume that consumer decision making is principally the result of cognitive processes involving the semantic meaning of product attributes. However recent advances in social cognition, cognitive psychology, and social psychology suggest that affective processes of consumer may affect the consumer behavior. Despite a growing number of conceptual and empirical studies of consumer emotions, sport consumers‘ emotional response have a little attention in research. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among service quality, customer emotions, and repurchase intention in public sport centers. To achieve the purpose exploratory investigation involving 199 sample of public sport center consumers(106 males and 93 females) was conducted by using convenience sampling method. The data were analyzed by a simple regression and multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that service quality was positive and significantly related to the consumer emotions. Also, consumer emotions was positive and significant effect on repurchase intention. Theoretical as well as managerial implications of these findings were discussed related to customers’ emotions.

Key Words

affective response, consumer behavior, service quality, repurchase intention

송기성KiSungSong

DOI:

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship of physical education teachers' perception to school culture, principal's leadership, information feedback, and empowerment among elementary and secondary school teachers in region of Chungcheongdo and Taejon. The data for this study were collected from the sample of 239 elementary and secondary school teachers. The measuring tool of physical education teachers' empowerment was questionnaire developed by Quinn & Kimberly(1984), Bass(1984), and Spreitzer(1995). The total reliability coefficient of items were Cronbach's α=.6191-.9278. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, multiple regression and moderating regression analysis. The conclusions were as follows: 1. The teachers' perceptions to school culture, principal's leadership, information feedback, and empowerment were significantly different according to their biological and personal characteristics. 2. Especially, the information feedback factor had strong effects to the teacher's empowerment. The personal traits such as teacher's status had a moderating effect on their empowerment. 3. The progressive school culture and affiliation school culture had positive and strong effects on the teacher's empowerment.

Key Words

empowerment, determinants, leadership

신명용MyungYongShin , 조한범HanBeomCho , 김인재InJaeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-relationship between strategic factors of golf club management. The sample is of this study focuses on strategic activities of 117 membership clubs out of 165 membership and non-membership clubs and classifies regional provinces as 7 sectors such as Seoul-Incheon, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsang-do, Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, Gangwon-do, Jeju-do. The questionnaires were sent to 304 managers in 38 clubs, 8 in each club, and were fully collected. After conducting several empirical tests, this study finds the followings. First, There are 5 strategic clusters such as stuck-in-the-middle cluster, marketing differentiation cluster, low cost cluster, technology differentiation cluster, and focus cluster. Finally, In business performance of 18 hole golf clubs, stuck-in-the-middle cluster are the most effective, and focus, low cost, marketing differentiation, and technology differentiation clusters follow in order. In business performance of 27 hole golf clubs, marketing differentiation cluster are the most effective, and technology differentiation, focus, stuck-in-the-middle, and low cost clusters follow in order. In business performance of 36 hole golf clubs, focus cluster are the mosteffective, and marketing differentiation, low cost, technology differentiation, and stuck-in-the-middle clusters follow in order. In overall performance, the focus cluster is the most effective, and marketing differentiation, technology differentiation cluster, stuck-in-the -middle, and low cost clusters follow in order.

Key Words

management strategic cluster, contingency variables, business performance in golf club

임태성TaeSeoungLim , 박영남YoungNamPark

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

golf-course factor of revisit

전익기IkKiJeon , 홍설의SeolEuiHong

DOI:

Abstract

This study intends to find out whether there is any difference in the perception of Taekwondo that students, parents and masters have and if there is, what impact the difference has on the adult Taekwondo population. My subjects for the research were chosen from 4 Taekwondo schools in Korea and 4 American Taekwondo schools. From each school , an elementary school student, a junior-high/high school student, an adult, a parent and a master were selected. The total number of the subjects was 40. The data for the study were collected from the semi-structured qualitative interviewing, non-participant observation and literature reviews. The data were analyzed and categorized by the inductive content analysis (Patton, 1980: Kippendorff, 1980; Spradley, 1980). The validity, reliability and morality of the study were ascertained. The questions asked in the research were the following; 1) In terms of perceptions of Taekwondo, are there any differences between Korea and America? 2) If there is any difference, what factor is involved and how does the difference affect the adult Taekwondo population?The findings of this research and my interpretation are as follows; 1) Let's look at the perception of Taekwondo masters my subjects had before learning Taekwondo: There were differences in the image that the subjects had of their Taekwondo masters. Korean participants consider their masters as stern, scary, strict and ignorant. Meanwhile, American participants think of them as strong, patient and generous; especially, it seems interesting to find out that most American participants has a fixed idea that Taekwondo masters should be black-haired Asians.

Key Words

taekwondo, Korea, america, student, parent, master, perception

조한범HanBeomCho , 김미향MeeHyangKim , 김인재InJaeKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategy of target marketing after define the characteristics and divided segmenting group by psycho-graphic characteristics. The subjects consisted of 1,238 spectator who watched pro soccer game more than once in 2002, and Collecting data period was 5 areas(Busan, Suwon, Ulsan, Pohang, Jeonnam) which have larger average spectator in 2002 League than other areas. The contents of the questionnaire consisted of demographic characteristics, behavioral characteristics of pro soccer spectator, and psycho-graphic characteristics of spectator of pro soccer. Cronbach's α coefficient of psycho-graphical characteristics is .6725 to .7954. The statistical method for the analysis of this study used frequence analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, cross-tab analysis . The result of this study are as follow : First, cluster analysis was divided to 5 groups pro soccer spectators according to psycho-graphic characteristics. Second, pro soccer spectator's populational statistics is significant difference among sex, age and occupation in each group. Third, 5 group according to pro soccer spectator's behavioral characteristics is significant difference among re-watching intends, watching frequency, cost of expenditure, way to buy admission ticket and traffic.

Key Words

target marketing, strategy development, psycho-graphic characteristics

이현수HyunSuLee , 이근모KeunMoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study was to investigate the relationships between sports website involvement and sports participation of high schooler and to prepare meaningful materials for the development of sports website and sports participation. Researcher used 306 male and female high schooler for actual analysis with the purposive sampling method, or a non-probability sample, except insincere 14 samples and given questionnaire about sports website involvement and sports participation. Researcher used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to identify the independent difference among sports website involvement and sports participation. AMOS v4.01 program was utilized to identify structural Equation Model how sports website involvement effect sports of high schooler. Based on the results, conclusions were draw as follows : First, Sports website involvement, sports direct participation, sports indirect participation didn't depend on one another.. Second, high schooler sports website involvement affirmative influenced their sports direct participation. Third, high schooler sports website involvement affirmative influenced their sports indirect participation.

Key Words

high schooler, sports website, sports participation

주성택SoungTaekJu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to analysis the contents of “the report of Health and Physical Education Council”, introduced by Ministry of Education in Japan in 2000. The research is based on an examination of the report of Health and Physical Education Council”, introduced by Ministry of Education in Japan in 1972, 1989, and 2000. The data sources include the reports of Health and Physical Education Council in association to sports literature and government publications. Through examination of these sources, the following was concluded: The distinctness of “the report of Health and Physical Education Council”, introduced by Ministry of Education in Japan 2000 was to: (1) beef up a lifelong sports society in which all people can enjoy sports anytime and anywhere and create a sports environment in local communities; (2) improve Japan's international competitiveness in sports so that Japanese athletes can play an even greater role in the Olympics and other international athletic competitions; and(3) take steps to enhance physical education at school to further promote physical education and sports activities for children in conjunction with the supports of school and local governments. Furthermore, several problems of “the report of Health and Physical Education Council”, introduced by Ministry of Education in Japan in 2000 are proposed

Key Words

the report of "health and physical education council in 2000"

김동건DongGunKim , 조민행MinHaengCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of Leisure education program on psychosocial well-being of elders women who are living in the nursing home. Subjects met the following criteria:(a) older than 65 years, (b) have not participated in another leisure education or leisure counseling program, (c) had difficulty leaving nursing home without assistance and limitations in two or more activities of daily living. A single subject multiple baseline design, replicated across two participants, was employed. the effects of the leisure education program on the dependent measures of psychosocial well-being were analyzed through visual inspection of graphic displays which involved identification of the following factor:(a) median level within and between conditions;(b) trend direction and changer in trend within and between phases. The intervention consisted of participation in a leisure education program twice a week for one hour over(eight)weeks. Participants' leisure participation and boredom and loneliness were positively affected by the leisure education program. Depression of elders were not affected by the leisure education program.

Key Words

leisure education, elders, nursing home, psychosocial well-being

노혜영HyeYoungRoh , 이철원ChulWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to explore the factors of lived experience of snow board as serious leisure. For understanding the lived experience as serious leisure experience in snow boarding, this used a qualitative research method. Reputational case selection was used for selecting of research informants. The informants were tested by the questionnaire of ski mania, and next total 7 informants were participated in this study. Interviews, participation observation and reflection note were collected and analyzed. On the basis of the procedure, the conclusions were drawn as follows; Firstly, bodily lived experience was divided to these sub-categorizations such as bodily feeling, freshness, bodily satisfaction, activeness, and difficulties. Secondly, emotional lived experience was manifested as these sub-categorizations such as self-confidence, competition, realization, passion, ecstacy, waiting, and overcoming fear. Lastly, social lived experience was explained to these sub-categorizations such as transition, sympathy, repeated extinction, and conflict. These three categorizations consisted in the lived experience for snow boarding made it possible to understand why the informants involved in the snow boarding seriously. The conclusion suggested that serious leisure experience is totally different from casual leisure experience, and three factors of lived experience in the situation of snow boarding leads the participants to the serious leisure phenomenon.

Key Words

serious leisure, lived experience, phenomenology, snow boarding

송원익WanIckSong , 여인성InSungYeo

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

constraints on leisure, life satisfaction

원형중HyungJoongWon , 하지연JiYounHa

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among leisure attitude, leisure function, experience of absorption, involvement, and degree of participation in leisure sports of white color workers. To achieve the purpose of this study, white color workers who were working in a company located in Seoul, were selected as population of this study. After selecting 20 companies randomly, by using random cluster sampling method, 1500 white color were sampled for this study. A total of 450 subjects were used for employee data analysis. Instruments used in this study were Leisure Attitude Scale(LAS), Leisure Diagnostic Battery(LDB), Modified Consumer Involvement Profile(CIP), Participation in Leisure Sports Scale(PLSS). To analyze data, multiple regression and path analysis were conducted. The results of this study as follows; First, leisure attitude and experience of absorption of participants in leisure sports influenced the degree of involvement with p<.05. However, there was not a significant relationship between leisure function and involvement. Also, degree of involvement was effected by leisure function, experience of absorption, and leisure attitude respectively. Second, it was founded that the degree of involvement was not a mediator between degree of participation and leisure attitude, leisure function, and experience of absorption.

Key Words

leisure attitude, involvement, leisure-sports participation

오광진KwangJinOh , 노형규HyoungKyuRoh

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify sports value of individuals with physical disabilities participating in physical activity and living in Seoul city and Kyeonggi province. Subjects included 154 (male: 98, female: 56) with individuals with physical disabilities. The questionnaire that was developed by Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey (1960) was used to identify sports value of individuals with physical disabilities. It was revised by Lee Young-Hee (1981) and Nam Sun-Min (1998), which consisted of 6 factors, 19-item. Construct validity of the instrument was checked by Factor analysis. Reliability of questions was confirmed by Cronbach's α value (.792). Data analyses were Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Multiple Regression. The results were as follows: First, ages and incomes had significant effects on sports value of individuals with physical disabilities. Second, siblings, physical educators, and mass media had significant effects on sports value of individuals with physical disabilities. Third, group exercise participants had more significant difference than individuals exercise participants on sports value of individuals with physical disabilities. Fourth, athletes with disabilities had more significant difference than persons with disabilities participating in sports for all on sports value of individuals with physical disabilities. Fifth, high understanding of disability characteristics more significant difference than low understanding of disability characteristics on self-actualization of individuals with physical disabilities. These results implied that individuals with physical disabilities participating in physical activity had significant effects on sports value according to socio-demographic variable, significant other, type of physical activity, participation type of physical activity, and understanding of disability characteristics.

Key Words

physical disabilities, sports value, physical activity

류민정MinJungLyu , 표종현JongHyunPyu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to define and understand dance teachers' perception on dance education as a required subject. To achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative case study was used and three experienced dance teachers were participated. The data were collected by using the methods of the critical incident technique, interview, and nonparticipant observation. They were analyzed by case record analysis and inductive categorical analysis. The trustworthiness of data was proved by member check, peer debriefing, and triangulation. As a result of the analysis, dance teachers recognized that dance education is necessary for providing students opportunities of the experience like the transmission of culture, the expression of emotion and the development of originality, the purification of the mind and learning the courtesy, the sympathy and harmony of others, and the balanced development of the body.

Key Words

dance education, teachers` perception the transmission of culture

박중길JungGilPark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe some qualitative characteristics of dance itself and suggest how to apply qualitative research methodology into the field of dance education. Qualitative research method in dance education field has been slowly increased. The major qualitative data collection techniques introduce many ways for investigating systematically. These techniques include observation, interviews, and documents. The qualitative data analysis and interpretation techniques provide guidelines and techniques for data analysis. The consideration of qualitative research which are is the hypothesis setting, theparticipant, validity, reliability etc. are present. It addresses the importance of ways to assure the quality of qualitatively oriented the research. In addition, this articel describes the ethical issues that confront researchers and suggest a series of ethical guideposts to help ensure that the research is undertaken in an ethical manner.

Key Words

dance education, qualitative research

황인주InJooHwang

DOI:

Abstract

Based on the concept of virtual reality, Susanne Langer explains that dance is a tool through which choreographers express their aesthetic intents. The aesthetic meanings delivered by choreographers are virtual realities that are made by dance movements. The audience's understanding about virtual powers in dance are achieved by logical intuition. Langer's dance aesthetics too much emphasizes the logical dimension among multi-dimensional characteristics in dance. The main reason for such a tendency is that the expression-communication theory, on which Langer's dance theory is based, views dance largely from the perspective of audience. Regardless of such a theoretical weakness, Langer's virtual reality is evaluated to provide a philosophical foundation for dance, and recognize the artistic value of dance as an independent art. In these respects, her dance theory is said to affect the dance field enormously.

Key Words

virtual reality, virtual power, dance aesthetics

양점홍JumHongYang , 박원익WonIkPark , 김미숙MiSookKim , 박평문PyungMoonPark , 성혜련HyeRyunSung , 강문선MoonSunKang , 이종윤JongYunLee , 강주성JooSeongKang , 윤자경JaKyungYoon , 손영인YoungInSon

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

misie, body composition, WHR, resistance training

신성휴SoungHyooShin , 박기자KiSaPark , 권문석MoonSeokKwon , 김태완TaeHwanKim

DOI:

Abstract

Key Words

muscle activity, EMG, taekwondo kicking technique(front kick, tuming kick, downward kick)